Racemic mixture versus R-lipoic acid only R -lipoic acid is the isomer that is synthesized by plants and animals and functions as a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes in its protein-bound form (see Biological Activities)
In the study, Pb stress increased the proline content, and SL treatments decreased the proline content under Pb stress compared to Pb treatment alone
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Kasten M, Hartmann C, Hampf J, Schaake S, Westenberger A, Vollstedt EJ, Balck A, Domingo A, Vulinovic F, Dulovic M (2018) Genotype-phenotype relations for the Parkinsons disease genes Parkin, PINK1, DJ1: MDSGene systematic review
Subsequently, cells were incubated with JC-1 dye for 2 hours